The fluoroscopy is a technique of diagnostic imaging which uses X-rays to observe the inside of the human body in real time. It is a type of X-ray that shows the internal structures of the organism in motion.. Unlike conventional X-rays, which generate static medical images, fluoroscopy creates dynamic images to analyze the functioning of different organs, tissues and other internal structures.

During a fluoroscopy, the fluoroscopea medical equipment that allows visualization of the patient's organs in motion. The dynamic images that are generated are projected on a monitor in video format so that medical professionals can diagnose and evaluate various medical conditions. This procedure is used to observe the structures and organs in operation. From seeing how the heart beats and how the lungs are inflamed to examining how food moves through the intestine. Therefore, it is very useful in studies of anatomy and physiology, as well as a support technique in certain interventions.

In the following article, we analyze fluoroscopy as a medical technique. From how a fluoroscopy examination is performed, the use of the fluoroscope and its different types to its main medical applications.

Fluoroscopy

Fluoroscopy is a technique that allows you to see the inside of the body in motion and in real time. It combines X-ray technology, image detectors and digital processing to show what is happening inside the body. To do this, it is necessary to use specific medical equipment: the fluoroscope, also known as a C-arm.

Using continuous or pulsed X-rays, this device generates a set of dynamic images of the different organs, bones, tissues and joints in order to evaluate how certain structures of the body behave during a specific action. The different functions and parts of an arc in C allow radiological and fluoroscopic images to be taken.

Mainly, this medical equipment is used in a fluoroscopy examination for analyze the functioning of the organism when swallowing or breathing, as well as inspecting how a contrast liquid flows through the digestive or circulatory system. In turn, the fluoroscope is also used as a support technique in certain interventionssuch as stenting of blood vessels or cardiac catheterization.

How is a fluoroscopy procedure performed?

Although the visual result of fluoroscopy is a moving image, there is a certain process behind this technology. Understanding how it works is essential to evaluate its usefulness in medical diagnostics. Below, we explain step by step how a fluoroscopic examination is performed:

Patient preparation

In most cases, a very complex preparation is not necessary. Depending on the type of study, the patient will have to follow specific indications, such as fasting or temporarily suspending certain medications. Upon arrival at the medical center, the patient should taking off clothes, putting on a gown and removing metal objects such as necklaces, watches or belts, as they may interfere with the images.

Fluoroscopy examination

During the procedure, patient is positioned on a stretcher or standing in front of the fluoroscopethe team in charge of generating the dynamic images by means of the X-rays. The exploration consists of the following steps:

Administration of contrast medium

In many studies, a contrast medium is used to enhance the visibility of certain areas of the body. This contrast helps to highlight structures of interestallowing the physician to see with the functioning of the different organs and tissues more clearly.. This contrast can be administered in different ways, depending on the area to be studied:

• Oral routeIn case the area to be observed is the upper digestive system (esophagus, stomach).
• Intravenous lineWhen the examination is performed to evaluate the blood vessels or internal organs.
• Through a catheterFor bladder or bowel studies.

2. Capture and acquisition of images in real time

Once the contrast has been administered (if necessary), the technician or physician will begin capturing the medical images in real time. Throughout the procedure, it is important that the individual remains as still as possible.. Movement can distort the images, so the patient's cooperation is essential to obtain accurate results. During this phase, the specialist will be able to evaluate:

• The movement of an organThe diaphragm when breathing or the bladder when emptying.
• The passage of a contrast mediumto identify blockages, leaks or reflux in the digestive or urinary systems.
• The position of medical devicessuch as catheters, pacemakers, screws or prostheses.
• The dynamic function of a jointuseful in traumatology and physiotherapy.

This functional and dynamic approach is what distinguishes fluoroscopy from other imaging techniques, such as radiography or computed tomography (CT).

3. Medical image analysis

Modern fluoroscopy equipment is equipped with advanced technologies that enhance the analysis of medical images:

• Digital image processingDigital systems allow you to adjust different elements of the image, such as brightness, contrast, zoom and orientation.
• Recording and archivingThey offer the possibility to document the procedure or to review key sequences.
• On-screen measurementThe technology can be used to calculate lengths, angles or displacements automatically.
• Image overlay (fluoro overlay)It is very useful in image-guided interventions.

In addition, more and more systems are integrating artificial intelligence functions to assist in the automatic detection of anomalies or to improve visual quality in real time. Among the main advantages of using an AI software is that it increases diagnostic accuracy and facilitates medical decision making.

Duration of a fluoroscopic examination

The duration of the study may vary depending on the type of examination, the area to be explored and the complexity of the procedure. However, in general terms, a fluoroscopy usually lasts between 30 minutes and one hour. Once the examination is completed, the patient can return home and, in most cases, resume normal activities, unless otherwise instructed by the physician.

The fluoroscope: Types and characteristics

The fluoroscope, also referred to as a C-arm, is the medical equipment used in a fluoroscopic examination. However, there are different types of fluoroscopes depending on the type of study to be performed and the space available in the clinic or medical center. We can find two modalities and each one has specific characteristics:

Full-Size C-arms

Full-Size C-Arches are designed to cover a wide range of procedures, from the simplest to the most complex.

• Large size: They have a wider field of view and are characterized by a greater ability to adjust to different positions and angles.
• Ample powerX-ray penetration: They provide deeper X-ray penetration, making them ideal for scanning complex structures such as the spine, thorax or pelvis.
• Advanced technologyMany models incorporate advanced technologies, such as 3D reconstruction, surgical navigation and high-resolution image processing.
• Medical applications: This type of arc is common in trauma, neurosurgery, vascular surgery and cardiac surgery operating rooms, where maximum precision and constant visual control are required throughout the procedure.

Mini bows

Mini C-arms are intended for more localized and less invasive procedures.

• Compact size: Their small size is ideal for small operating rooms, outpatient clinics or specialized practices, as they are much easier to transport and handle.
• Procedures of superficial areas of the bodyThese machines are optimized to work on more superficial areas of the body, such as hands, wrists, feet and ankles.
• Sharpness and lower powerAlthough their power is lower compared to full-size models, they offer clear and detailed images of the extremities. Therefore, it is recommended for minor surgeries or low complexity orthopedic interventions.
• Fast and easy operationFluoroscopes of this type are simpler to operate, as they have shorter start-up and positioning times. This improves efficiency in work environments where there is a high flow of patients.
• Medical applicationsMini C-arms are especially useful in extremity surgery, outpatient trauma, hand and foot surgery, minor image-guided procedures and pediatric interventions.

What is fluoroscopy used for? Main medical applications

Fluoroscopy is used in many types of diagnostic imaging procedures. Among its main medical applications, we can highlight:

Examination of the digestive system

One of the most common applications of fluoroscopy is the study of the digestive system. By means of this procedure, the physician can observe how food or liquid moves through the digestive tract in real time. In this type of diagnostics, a contrast medium (such as barium) to be able to analyze more clearly the functioning of the esophagus, stomach or intestines.

Main applications

• Gastroesophageal reflux
• Hiatal hernias
• Ulcers or stenosis
• Swallowing disorders (dysphagia)

Cardiovascular system studies

In cardiology and interventional radiologyfluoroscopy is a key fundamental technique for visualizing blood flow through the heart and blood vessels. In these studies, fluoroscopy is used to act with greater precision during delicate interventions, reducing risks and complications. In addition, fluoroscopy is used to iodinated contrast agents that are injected intravenously to generate medical images of different tissues with greater clarity and sharpness.

Main applications

• Cardiac catheterization: Allows to see coronary arteries and detect obstructions.
• Angiography: Visualizes blood vessels in different parts of the body.
• Placement of stents or pacemakers: Fluoroscopy is used to guide the physician during these procedures.

Support in orthopedic surgeries and traumatology.

During bone or joint surgeryfluoroscopy helps surgeons to checking the position of pins, screws, prostheses or bone fragments. This allows interventions to be more precise and safe, reducing postoperative complications.

Main applications

• Spine surgeries
• Repair of complex fractures
• Image-guided joint infiltrations
• Arthrography (joint examination with contrast)

Minimally invasive procedures

Fluoroscopy is essential for performing image-guided procedures in which needles, catheters or probes are inserted into the body without the need for open surgery. By providing a real-time display, it allows to accurately access the area of interestThis reduces risks and improves the efficiency of the procedure.

Main applications

• Directed biopsies
• Abscess drainage
• Placement of central catheters
• Pain treatments (nerve blocks)

Use in pediatrics

Fluoroscopy, when performed in children, is used with reduced doses and special protocols to ensure its safety. Therefore, in the field of pediatrics, it is of great use for observe developing bodily functions.

Main applications

• Swallowing or reflux problems in infants
• Urinary tract malformations
• Evaluation of intestinal transit
• Follow-up of pediatric orthopedic surgeries

Functional evaluation of organs

In addition to detecting structures, fluoroscopy allows for the following see and analyze how certain organs function. In these cases, not only to detect abnormalities, but also to study how the body works in action.

Main applications

• To analyze how the bladder contracts during urination (cystography).
• Examine how the diaphragm moves when breathing.
• Perform an evaluation of gastric emptying.

The fluoroscopy procedure is a safe, non-invasive and highly effective technique for observing the body in motion. By combining X-rays and contrast media, medical professionals can obtain clear and accurate images that facilitate diagnosis and clinical decision making.

If you are looking for a fluoroscope for your clinic or hospital and you need more information, we help you to choose the medical equipment according to your needs. Contact us and we will answer all your questions.

Contact 4D Médica

Kiko Ramos

CEO of 4D Médica. Expert in marketing and distribution of medical equipment.

In the healthcare sector, patient safety comes first. For this reason, medical equipment must comply with certain regulations to ensure its reliability, efficiency and traceability. The classification of medical equipment regulatory requirements can be tailored according to the level of risk represented by each medical equipment for patients.

Depending on the type of riska series of controls and evaluations that must be carried out before they reach the market and can be marketed.. The higher the risk, the more rigorous and demanding the processes of clinical evaluation, quality control, technical documentation and post-marketing follow-up become. In the following article, we discuss how medical products are classified. in accordance with MDR (Medical Device Regulation).

Entry into force of the MDR standard for the classification of medical equipment

The MDR (Medical Device Regulation) regulation, officially known as the Regulation (EU) 2017/745 on medical devicesis the legal framework in force in the European Union for the regulation of medical devices. It is a European regulation that replaces the former Directive 93/42/EEC (MDD) and Directive 90/385/EEC on active implantable devices. In contrast to the directives, the MDR has a direct effect in all EU Member Stateswithout the need to adapt national laws.

It was approved on April 5, 2017 with the aim of reinforcing the safety, traceability and efficacy of these products on the European market, but its official entry into force did not arrive until May 25, 2017. As of May 26, 2021 and after a transition period of 4 years, its application became mandatory throughout the European Union.. For certain products certified under the old MDD standard, there is an extended transition period until 2027-2028.

Main changes in MDR regulations

The MDR replaced Directive 93/42/EEC (MDD). with a more precise and strict regulation. This regulation established new more detailed rules for classifying devices according to risk level. To this end, a number of specific criteria were applied, such as duration of use, invasiveness, area of the body affected and type of operation (active or passive). At the same time, it also added specific rules for medical software and the AI softwarewhich were not sufficiently covered before.

The main changes introduced were as follows:

• More specific and strict classification rules, strengthening clinical and technical evaluation.
• Increased control and new classification of implantable products and medical software
• More rigorous assessment by notified bodies
• Enhanced post-marketing surveillance requirements
• Introduction of EUDAMED system for increased traceability and transparency
• Direct and uniform application in all EU countries
• Adapting the regulatory framework to new technologies, such as medical software and artificial intelligence applied to medicine

Classification of medical equipment according to MDR

The MDR regulation establishes a classification system in four different classes (I, IIa, IIb and III) according to the potential risk that the medical equipment represents for the user.

Class I - Low risk

Class 1 medical devices are non-invasive equipment, for temporary or external usewhich do not interact directly with physiological functions critical body parts. Their design and use involves a minimal risk for the patient.

Main features

• They do not require electricity or software to operate, they are "passive".
• Used on the surface of the body or in a superficial manner
• They may include variants such as:
  • Is (sterile)
  • Im (measuring function)
  • Go to (surgical reusables)

Examples

• Gauze, bandages and sticks
• Mercury-free thermometers
• Non-sterile medical gloves
• Manual wheelchairs

Type of evaluation

Generally, it is requires manufacturer's self-certificationexcept for the variants Is, Im and Ir, which require assessment by a notified body.

Class II - Moderate and high risk

Class 2 medical devices include two different modalities: Class IIa devices, which have a moderate risk, and Class IIb devices, which have a high risk.

Class IIa - Moderate risk

Includes short-term invasive medical deviceswhich are in use for less than 30 days, or active, which may have a moderate impact on health of the patient. This type of medical products can enter body cavities o use in non-critical diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.

Main features

• Invasive through natural orifices or with limited medical intervention
• Can be electrically powered or contain software
• The risk is higher than in Class I, but still limited.

Examples

• Hypodermic needles
• Short-term catheters
• Headphones
• Non-critical monitoring software

Type of evaluation

Requires the participation of a notified body which evaluates technical documentation and clinical evidence, although it is less complex than in the higher classes.

Class IIb - High risk

It includes devices that can have a significant impact on vital physiological functions, which are long-term invasive or acting on critical internal organs. Also included is the software that directly influences relevant clinical decisions.

Main features

• Invasives of medium or long duration
• They act on the circulatory system or the central nervous system (if not for prolonged use)
• Includes devices that deliver automatic treatments

Examples

• Respirators
• Neonatal incubators
• Hemodialysis equipment
• Diagnostic imaging software with AI
• Programmable infusion pumps

Type of evaluation

Requires comprehensive clinical evaluation, technical review by a notified body and strict compliance with regulatory requirements.

Class III - Very high risk

Class 3 devices present the highest level of risk, since they may have a direct impact on vital functions or its use may involve critical intervention in the human body. Includes permanent implantable devices and stand-alone software for diagnosis or therapy.

Main features

• Long-term or permanent implants
• Long-term invasive devices in the central nervous system or circulatory system
• Software with autonomous therapeutic functions

Examples

• Pacemaker
• Intracoronary stents
• Cardiac valve prostheses
• Brain implants
• Artificial intelligence software provides oncology treatment solutions

Type of evaluation

Requires a mandatory full clinical evaluationincluding studies with patients. To this end, the notified body is involved at each stageThe following steps are required: development, manufacturing, documentation, post-sales surveillance. This type of medical equipment, being so high-risk, requires intensive post-marketing follow-up.

Factors that determine the classification of medical devices according to the MDR

The MDR regulation (Regulation (EU) 2017/745) establishes specific criteria for classifying medical devices according to their level of risk to the patient and the healthcare professional. What are the factors that determine the classification according to their risk?

Duration of use

This refers to the length of time the device remains in contact with the body. The longer the duration of contact, the greater the potential risk.

• Temporary useLess than 60 minutes
• Short-term useBetween 60 minutes and 30 days
• Long-term use: More than 30 days

Degree of invasiveness

Evaluates whether and how the device penetrates the body. Implantable or surgical devices are rated higher.

• Non-invasiveDoes not penetrate the body (e.g. bandages, external thermometers).
• Invasive through natural orificesIt enters through the mouth, nose, ear, urethra, etc.
• Surgical invasiveRequires medical intervention for insertion
• ImplantableRemains inside the body for a prolonged period of time.

Affected body part

The MDR standard checks the site where the device acts in order to assess its risk. This risk increases when it affects a critical area of the human body.

• Body surface or skin: lower risk
• Internal organs or sterile cavitiesintermediate risk
• Central nervous system or circulatory system: high risk

Active or passive use

Active devices can fail and their impact on the organism is greater, so they tend to be classified in higher classes.

• Passive deviceOperates without energy source (e.g., syringes, dressings).
• Active deviceRequires electrical or mechanical power to operate (e.g., respirators, infusion pumps).

Medical purpose

Another aspect that should be analyzed is the function performed by the device in the medical treatment or diagnosis. The higher the functional complexity and clinical relevance, the higher the risk in the classification. In this context, the following medical purposes can be differentiated:

• Basic monitoring
• Diagnose, treat or monitor medical conditions
• Supports physiological functions
• It is used for prevent diseases
• Directly influences clinical decisions

Use of software

The MDR establishes clear rules for classifying medical software according to its use and clinical applications. The risk does not depend on the hardware, but on the purpose and clinical impact of the software.

• Data management softwareClass I: Included in Class I
• Software that aids in diagnostics or clinical decisionsClass IIa or IIb: Incorporated in Class IIa or IIb.
• Autonomous software that makes therapeutic decisionsClass III: They are included in Class III because of increased risk.

Nature of the content covered

It is important to analyze whether the devices come into contact with the human body or alter the chemical composition of the organism. What options can we find depending on the nature of the content?

• The device enters contact with blood, body fluids, or tissues
• Modifies substances (chemically or thermally)
• Administers medication or energy

The MDR regulation comprehensively analyzes how, where, how long and for what purpose a medical device is used. Each of these factors contributes to assigning it a risk class (I, IIa, IIb or III), which determines the legal and clinical requirements necessary to market it.

Importance of proper hazard classification of medical equipment

Classifying medical devices according to their risk is essential to ensure the safety of patients and users, and also to ensure that products comply with the appropriate regulatory requirements before they are marketed or used. What is the role of proper classification in the healthcare sector?

Protection of patients' health and lives

The classification makes it possible to identify the potential hazard level of a device. In this way, the necessary controls can be put in place to prevent failures that could cause harm to patients or healthcare professionals.

Determines the level of regulation and control

Higher-risk devices (Class III) require more rigorous clinical evaluations, testing, certification and post-market surveillance. In contrast, low-risk (Class I) devices follow simpler procedures, such as self-declaration of conformity by the manufacturer. This ensures that each device goes through a process commensurate with its level of risk.

Guidance to manufacturers and developers

Another of its functions is to assist manufacturers in understand key technical, clinical and documentary requirements that must be complied with according to the class of the device. Assessments and controls according to the risk of the medical equipment allow planning the process of development, validation, registration and market launch in an efficient and legally compliant manner..

Facilitates the work of health authorities

Regulatory authorities may prioritizing inspections and audits according to the risk associated with the product. This simplifies decision-making to authorize or restrict the use of certain devices.

Establishes trust in the marketplace and among users

Healthcare professionals and patients can be confident that they can rely on a product has been evaluated proportionally to the potential risks it represents. In this way, the promotes transparency, traceability and efficient management of incidents or product recalls.

It is a mandatory legal requirement

In most countries, classifying medical devices according to their risk is a legal requirement for approval and marketing (as in the European MDR Regulation, the FDA in the USA or the Chilean Institute of Public Health).

The classification of medical devices according to their risk is not only a regulatory procedure, but an essential tool to protect the health of patients and professionals, guarantee quality and make the entire healthcare system more efficient. If you work in the medical, technological or regulatory sector, knowing and applying this classification is the first step to ensure that your products reach the market in a safe, legal and responsible way.

Luis Daniel Fernandez Perez

Director of Diagximag. Distributor of medical imaging equipment and solutions.

Can you imagine being able to see the baby's gestures during pregnancy? From how it moves and yawns, the moments when it opens its eyes, when it changes position and even how it plays with the umbilical cord. Knowing the baby before it is born and see all their real-time movements is possible through emotional ultrasound.

This is a type of ultrasound scan that goes from the beyond medical diagnosisoffering a more human and closer experience in the area of image diagnosis. Not only does it provide medical information, but it also plays a key role in strengthening the emotional bond between the parents and the baby during pregnancy and gestation.

Emotional ultrasound is one of the most innovative techniques in the field of ultrasound and, by means of ultrasound, the baby can be visualized in detail. The emotional ultrasound equipment that are used combine 3D technologywhich offers three-dimensional images, and 4D and 5D technology, which incorporates the movement of the fetus in real time with high image sharpness and quality. Therefore, emotional ultrasound not only ensures that the baby can be observed with a high resolution, but also that its gestures and movements can be seen in the mother's uterus.

In the following article, we discuss its main characteristics and differences with follow-up medical ultrasound scans, as well as all the advantages it offers.

Main features and advantages of emotional ultrasound

Emotional ultrasound provides added value by offering a more accurate closer experience of parents and family members with the babyWhat are its main characteristics and differences with a traditional medical ultrasound?

High image quality

Emotional ultrasounds use advanced technology that allows visualization of the fetus with high detail, generating sharp, moving images in real time.

Emotional bonding with the baby

The main objective of the ultrasounds is to check the correct development of the baby. However, the emotional ultrasound is a non-invasive test that provides a experience that is closer, more human and real for parents and family members. It is performed in a relaxing environmentThe nursery is equipped with soft music and adapted lighting to create a cozy environment. In some cases, family members are allowed to be present to share the moment and to be able to see the baby's movements and gestures.

In turn, the professionals who perform the ultrasound scan employ a warmer and closer approachexplaining every detail with sensitivity and empathy.

Complete monitoring of the fetus during pregnancy

In addition to visualizing the development of the baby in real time, emotional ultrasound is also used to perform a complete monitoring of the fetus during gestation. It is essential to analyze its neurophysiological statusas well as to detect possible anomalies and malformations.

Does not replace diagnostic medical ultrasound scans

It is important to keep in mind that, during pregnancy, follow-up medical ultrasounds should be performed. The emotional ultrasound does not replace in any case the different ultrasounds that the mother should have to evaluate the correct development and growth of the baby in the different stages of gestation. What are the different follow-up medical ultrasounds and when are they performed? We can distinguish the following:

• Pregnancy confirmation ultrasound (week 6 and 8)It is developed to verify pregnancy and check that the embryo is in the mother's uterus.
• First semester ultrasound scans (week 11 and 14)It is used to measure the length of the fetus, estimate the due date and check whether it is a single or multiple pregnancy.
• Morphological ultrasound (week 18 and 22)It allows to examine in detail the organs and structures of the fetus. It helps to detect congenital malformations, evaluate natal growth and determine the sex of the baby.
• Third trimester ultrasound (week 28 and 32)It is used to evaluate the baby's growth.
• Prepartum ultrasound (36th and 40th week)This is the last ultrasound and is essential to check the baby's position, examine the approximate weight of the baby and the condition of the mother's amniotic fluid and placenta.

Use of ultrasound scanners with advanced technology

To perform the emotional ultrasound, specific medical equipment is used that incorporates the latest technology to visualize the baby in detail, with high image quality, sharpness and in real time. For this purpose, the following are used ultrasound scanners with advanced 4D and 5D technology.

Creation of memories in digital format

Emotional ultrasound not only offers real-time visualization of the baby, but also provides parents and family members to have a memory of that beautiful moment. The clinics that perform this type of 5D ultrasound provide the experience together with the delivery of the different ultrasound images and videos in digital format. so that parents can preserve, share and remember this beautiful memory of pregnancy and gestation.

When is it recommended to perform an emotional ultrasound?

Emotional ultrasound can be performed at any time during pregnancy. However, the most indicated time is between 25 and 30 weeks.since the baby is more developed and the baby's movements can be better visualized in the maternal uterus. But, it is important to keep in mind several factors to improve the visibility of emotional ultrasound:

• Use of appropriate ultrasound scanners
• Experience with this ultrasound modality by medical professionals.
• Fetal position
• Amount of amniotic fluid

What are the differences between 3D, 4D and 5D ultrasound?

3D, 4D and 5D ultrasounds are advanced ultrasound technologies that allow you to see the baby in real time with high detail. Although they are often confused, there are a number of differences between them.

3D Ultrasound

3D ultrasound is an advanced ultrasound technique that provides three-dimensional images of the fetus in the uterus. Unlike traditional 2D ultrasound, which only shows black and white slices in real time, 3D ultrasound reconstructs the image in depth, providing a detailed view of the baby and its facial features.

Advantages of 3D ultrasound

• The baby's facial features and anatomy can be observed more accurately.both hands and feet.
• Detection of congenital anomalies. Allows for a more detailed evaluation of bone structure, cleft lip and limb defects.
• Emotional experience for parents. It provides a more realistic image of the baby, strengthening the bond with the parents-to-be.
• Better visualization of fetal development. The various organs and tissues can be analyzed more precisely.

4D Ultrasound

4D ultrasound is an evolution of 3D ultrasound that adds real-time motion. It is based on the continuous capture of 3D images to generate the video effect. The three-dimensional moving images produced make it possible to show the baby's facial expressions live. Thus, the baby can be visualized gesturing, smiling, yawning or moving hands and legs.

Advantages of 4D ultrasound

1. Allows parents and family members to see the baby on the move and in real time.
2. Help to detect possible facial or body anomalies.
3. Increases the emotional connection between the parents and the baby.

5D Ultrasound

5D ultrasound is an enhancement of 4D ultrasound, which provides higher quality images. It incorporates greater definition and realism in the baby's skin, has better illumination and contrast that allow the baby's skin to appear more natural and also includes a sense of depth and volume more detailed.

Advantages of 5D ultrasound

• Sharper and more natural images.
• Increased accuracy in facial feature recognition.
• latest technology that offers a more realistic experience. It provides a more direct and closer contact of the parents with the baby.

Why offer emotional ultrasound in your clinic?

Knowing the baby before it is born is a unique moment for parents and family members. This establishes a closer, emotional and realistic connection with the baby. Moreover, it is not only the visualization of the fetus in motion, but provides a complete experience.

By offering emotional ultrasound in a clinic, parents can acquire the memory of one of the most beautiful moments of pregnancy: seeing the baby's gestures and movements in real time. This service not only generates a competitive differentiationIt also contributes to improving patient experience and increasing business profitability.

It is important to note that emotional ultrasound does not replace diagnostic medical ultrasound.but complements. While medical ultrasounds are necessary to evaluate the baby's state of health, emotional ultrasound offers a more detailed and aesthetic view of the fetus, without medical purposes.

For this purpose, the following are used state-of-the-art ultrasound scanners incorporating advanced 4D and 5D technology that allow you to see the baby with great clarity and in real time. In addition, they also help to control and monitor the baby's development, identifying possible risks and anomalies during pregnancy.

If you want to more information about ultrasound scanners to include this emotional ultrasound service in your clinic, do not hesitate to contact us. At DiagXimagWe are experts in ultrasound scanners and medical equipment sales, and we help you to choose the most appropriate ultrasound scanners according to the needs of your center.

Contact DiagXimag

Luis Daniel Fernandez Perez

Director of Diagximag. Distributor of medical imaging equipment and solutions.

Ultrasound is a noninvasive medical technique that uses ultrasound to obtain real-time images of the inside of the body. The medical equipment used to perform an ultrasound scan is the ultrasound scannerwhich incorporates a device called a transducer. The ultrasound transducers are the main component of this medical equipment in the area of diagnostic imaging. They have the function of emitting high-frequency sound waves, which make it possible to observe the functioning and movements of the body's internal tissues and organs. Subsequently, they are responsible for generating the medical images that are displayed on the screen or monitor of the medical equipment, which are called sonograms.

The quality and usefulness of an ultrasound scan depend to a large extent on the transducer used. Therefore, in the following article, we discuss the operation of this device and provide a detailed guide to the different types of ultrasound transducers that exist. Do you want to know what their main advantages, functions and differences are? We will analyze them below!

Ultrasound transducers: Concept and operation

Transducer, also called ultrasound probeis the ultrasound component which converts electrical energy into sound waves, known as ultrasound. Its operation is based on the piezoelectric effect, a phenomenon in which certain crystals present in the transducer generate vibrations when receiving electric current, producing sound waves. In this way, the transducer or probe acts as a transmitter and receiver of
ultrasound.

When these waves penetrate the body and hit different structures and tissues, they return to the transducer in the form of echoes. Ultrasound scanners process this information and convert the captured ultrasounds into medical images that can be displayed on the equipment's screen. They are called sonograms and allow the following to be obtained visualize the functioning of the different tissues and organs in real time.

Use of transducers in ultrasound scanning

In the realization of a ultrasoundThe transducer plays a key role. The use of this device works as follows:

1. Selection of the appropriate transducerThere are different types of transducers or ultrasound probes, so depending on the anatomical area to be evaluated, the physician or technician must select a specific transducer.
2. Ultrasound gel applicationDuring an ultrasound scan, the transducer is coated with a conductive gel that slides over the patient's skin in the specific area to be analyzed. This gel eliminates the air between the skin and the transducer, which facilitates the transmission of the ultrasound waves and improves the quality of the images.
3. Exploration of the area of interestThe transducer can be slid over the skin or inserted into a cavity in the case of transvaginal or transrectal ultrasound. While moving, the ultrasound scanner displays real-time images of the examined area on the screen.
4. Parameter settingThe operator can modify certain parameters to improve image quality according to the depth and type of tissue to be analyzed. These include frequency, focus and gain.
5. Image capture and interpretationSubsequently, the images generated are recorded for analysis and diagnosis, which creates an ultrasound scan that allows evaluation of the state of the organs and tissues.

Types of ultrasound transducers

Not all transducers perform the same function. Depending on the anatomical area to be analyzed, different resolutions and penetration depths are required. Therefore, a key aspect to increase diagnostic accuracy is to select the right transducers. transducers for ultrasound scanners adequate. To this end, it is important to to know the different options and models. Below, we provide a complete guide explaining the main types of transducers used in ultrasound along with their characteristics, advantages and clinical applications.

Linear transducers

Linear transducers are characterized by their rectangular shape and the emission of ultrasonic waves in parallel lines. They offer high resolution, but have lower penetration. They are mainly used for superficial studies in physiotherapy, podiatry and dermatology.

Advantages

• High image resolutionThis allows observation of fine anatomical details.
• Ideal for surface structuresThe frequency range is between 5 and 15 MHz.
• Excellent for vascular and musculoskeletal studies.

Clinical applications

• Vascular ultrasoundEvaluation of arteries and veins.
• Soft tissue ultrasoundThyroid, breast, muscle and joint examinations.
• Dermatological ultrasoundEvaluation of the skin and superficial structures.

Convex or curvilinear transducers

These transducers have a curved shape that allows a larger field of view at intermediate and large depths. They generate sector or fan-shaped images. They have a greater penetration compared to the linear transducer. They are used for abdominal and gynecological studies.

Advantages

• Increased penetration than the linear transducer, includes frequencies between 2 and 6 MHz.
• Suitable for abdominal and pelvic studies.
• Has a wide image coverageIt is therefore very useful in large organ scans.

Clinical applications

• Abdominal ultrasoundEvaluation of the liver, kidneys, gallbladder and pancreas.
• Obstetric ultrasoundPregnancy monitoring and fetal assessment.
• Pelvic ultrasoundExploration and evaluation of the reproductive organs.
• Studies in pediatrics and general medicine.

Sector or Phased Array Transducers

Sector transducers, also referred to as sector transducers, are phased arrayemit waves from a small spot. They emit waves in a narrow aperture scanning pattern and generate triangular or fan-shaped images. They have a high penetration, but have a lower resolution than linear transducers.

Advantages

• Allows scanning of deep structures without the need for extensive skin contact.
• Has a low frequency between 2 and 4 MHz, which guarantees excellent penetration.
• It is suitable for studies in confined spaces such as the thorax.

Clinical applications

• EchocardiographyEvaluation of the heart and large blood vessels.
• Pulmonary ultrasoundPulmonary parenchymal examination, diagnosis of thoracic pathologies and studies in intensive care.
• Emergency ultrasoundIt is used in FAST (Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma) studies in the area of trauma.

Endocavitary transducers (endovaginal and endorectal)

These transducers are designed to be inserted into body cavities and provide detailed, high-resolution images of internal organs at close range. This type of ultrasound probe is used in gynecology, obstetrics and urology specialties.

Advantages

• High image resolution due to its proximity to the organ to be examined.
• The frequency offered is intermediate-highThe resolution is between 5 and 9 MHz, thus offering a balance between resolution and penetration.
• Facilitates the detection of gynecological and prostate pathologies.

Clinical applications

• Transvaginal ultrasoundEvaluation of the uterus, ovaries and early pregnancy.
• Transrectal ultrasoundDiagnosis of prostate and rectal pathologies.

Microconvex transducers

This type of transducer is similar in design to convex transducers, but has a smaller surface area. Therefore, it is characterized by providing greater maneuverability in areas that are difficult to access. Among its different applications, microconvex transducers are used to perform examinations in pediatric patients, neonates and in the veterinary area.

Advantages

• Increased maneuverability in small anatomical areas.
• Intermediate frequency between 5 and 8 MHz, providing a balance between depth and resolution.
• It is the right choice for studies in patients difficult to explore with conventional transducers.

Clinical applications

• Pediatric and neonatal ultrasoundBrain and abdominal evaluation in neonates.
• Veterinary ultrasoundFor animal examinations.
• Studies in anesthesiology and intensive careIt is used as a guide for procedures such as catheter placement and punctures.

Volumetric transducers

These transducers generate three-dimensional images in real time using advanced technology with multiple piezoelectric crystals. They are used for 3D and 4D digital reconstruction to visualize anatomical volumes.

Advantages

• Detailed and volumetric images of anatomical structures.
• Allows evaluation of fetal morphology with greater precision.
• Enables navigation in advanced diagnostic studies.

Clinical applications

• Obstetric ultrasound in 3D and 4DDetailed evaluation of the fetus and detection of malformations and anomalies.
• Advanced gynecologic ultrasoundAccurate diagnosis of uterine and ovarian abnormalities.
• 4D EchocardiographyCardiac studies that allow the visualization of the heart in real time with high precision.

Special ultrasound transducers

In addition to conventional transducers, there are transducers designed for specific applications:

• Doppler transducersThey allow to evaluate blood flow in real time.
• Laparoscopic transducersMinimally invasive surgical procedures: They are used in minimally invasive surgical procedures.
• Array transducers or Matrix ArrayCapture multiple image planes simultaneously for more accurate reconstructions.

Guide to choosing the right ultrasound transducer type

Selecting the right ultrasound transducer is essential to ensure high-quality images and accurate diagnoses. To do so, several aspects need to be considered:

Frequency

One of the key factors in the choice of transducer is the frequency, which is responsible for measuring the relationship between penetration depth and image resolution.. This is an essential aspect, as it determines its ability to penetrate the tissues and provide a clear image.

High frequency (greater than 7 MHz)

• Offers more detailed imagesbut with less penetration capacity.
• It is the ideal frequency for surface structures such as muscles, blood vessels and skin.
• Used in linear and endocavity transducers.

Low frequency (less than 5 MHz)

• Allows a increased penetration. However, its resolution is lower.
• It is used to evaluate deep organs such as the liver, kidneys and heart.
• It is located in convex and sector transducers.

If the objective is to study tissues close to the surface, as in a muscle ultrasound, a high-frequency transducer is recommended. On the other hand, to explore internal organs or structures located in deep areas, a low-frequency transducer should be chosen.

2. Specific clinical application

Before choosing a transducer, the following should be done take into account the medical specialty and the type of structures to be examined What types of transducers are recommended depending on the medical application?

Vascular and musculoskeletal ultrasound

It is recommended to use a linear transducerThe high-frequency imaging allows visualization of superficial structures such as arteries, veins, muscles and tendons in great detail.

Abdominal and obstetric examinations

Use a convex transducer to achieve greater penetration. It has a low frequency that allows deep penetration to evaluate organs such as the liver, kidneys and uterus.

Cardiac and pulmonary evaluation

Select a sector transducer (phased array). It can image the heart through confined spaces such as ribs and allows real-time dynamic studies to be developed.

Gynecology and urology

Choose a endocavitary transducer with high resolution. Its high frequency allows obtaining clear images of reproductive organs such as the uterus, ovaries and prostate.

Pediatrics and neonates

A microconvex transducer provides the best resolution to size ratio. Its smaller size facilitates scanning in infants and neonates.

Ultrasound in emergency and intensive care

You need a sector or microconvex transducer because of its portability and penetration capability for rapid imaging of critically ill patients.

Advanced 3D and 4D studies

It requires a volumetric transducer with three-dimensional reconstruction.

3. Necessary field of vision

The transducer design influences the coverage area of the ultrasound image. Depending on the size of the required field of view, the following options should be considered:

• For small and detailed structuresLinear or microconvex transducers are the best choice, as they provide high-resolution images in small areas such as blood vessels, muscles and joints.
• For studies of deep organs and large structuresIn this case, convex or sectorial transducers are recommended, since they allow visualization of large areas with good penetration. For this reason, they are the ones used in abdominal and cardiac studies.

4. Mobility and ease of use

In some clinical settings, portability and transducer size are other essential factors in obtaining a more efficient diagnosis.

• Studies in the operating room or emergency roomSectorial transducers are recommended, since their compact design and penetration capacity allow ultrasound scans to be performed in small spaces.
• General inquiriesConvex and linear transducers are the most commonly used due to their ease of use and versatility.
• Ultrasound-guided procedures (punctures, biopsies)Transducers with puncture guides are preferred to improve the accuracy of needle insertion.

At DiagXimagAs experts in the sale of ultrasound scanners and medical equipment, you can find a wide range of ultrasound scanners and transducers to suit the different needs of your clinic or medical center.

The choice of transducer in ultrasound depends on the anatomical region to be evaluated and the level of detail required. From linear transducers for superficial structures to sectorial transducers for cardiac studies, each type of ultrasound probe has a specific function to optimize ultrasound diagnosis in various medical specialties.

Contact DiagXimag

Luis Daniel Fernandez Perez

Director of Diagximag. Distributor of medical imaging equipment and solutions.